Cholesterol is produced in the liver and is found in every cell of the body. There are two types of cholesterol: one in the form of HDL (high-density cholesterol) and LDL (low-density cholesterol). HDL is also referred to as the ‘good’ cholesterol and LDL is known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol. An elevated cholesterol level is defined as total cholesterol above 6.5 mmol / l.

The term HbA1c stands for ‘hemoglobin A1c’, or glycated hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells, giving them their color. Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Glucose (sugar) in the blood can also attach to hemoglobin, known as glycated hemoglobin. This means that the more glucose there is in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin there is. Because red blood cells (and therefore also hemoglobin in the red blood cells) live for a maximum of 120 days, an HbA1c value provides insight into the average blood glucose level over the past 10 to 12 weeks. The higher the glucose level has been during the period of time before the test, the higher the HbA1c value will be.

HDL stands for High-Density Lipoprotein, which is a type of lipoprotein found in the blood. It is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove other types of cholesterol from the bloodstream. This helps to prevent the buildup of excess cholesterol in the arteries, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) and cardiovascular diseases. Having higher levels of HDL in the blood is generally considered beneficial for heart health, as it helps to counteract the negative effects of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad cholesterol." Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and not smoking can help increase HDL levels.

LDL stands for Low-Density Lipoprotein and is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because elevated levels of LDL can lead to the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries. When there is excess LDL in the bloodstream, it can deposit cholesterol on the arterial walls, forming plaques. Over time, this can narrow and block the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. High LDL levels are often associated with an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and other factors related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Lowering LDL cholesterol through lifestyle changes, medications, or a combination of both can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve overall heart health.

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. They are the most common form of fat in the human body and serve as a source of energy for various bodily functions. When you eat, your body converts the calories it doesn't need into triglycerides, which are then stored in fat cells. Between meals, hormones release triglycerides for energy, ensuring a continuous supply of fuel for various metabolic processes. While triglycerides are essential for normal body function, elevated levels can pose health risks. Elevated triglycerides, along with high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle changes, including adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management, can help maintain triglyceride levels within a healthy range and reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems.

Lipoprotein(a), also known as Lp(a), is a fat-like particle found in the blood. It is similar to LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol), but it has an extra protein structure attached to it called apolipoprotein(a). The amount of Lp(a) in the blood is mostly determined by your genes and stays fairly constant throughout life.

High levels of Lp(a) in the blood can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis), as it promotes the formation of blockages and can interfere with the breakdown of blood clots. This increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.

Unlike other types of cholesterol, Lp(a) is not easily influenced by diet, exercise, or standard cholesterol-lowering medications. If levels are elevated, doctors may focus more intensively on managing other risk factors—like blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, or lifestyle habits—to reduce overall risk.