Genital herpes: symptoms, causes and self-testing explained

Genital herpes is more common than many people realise and often goes unnoticed. Because symptoms can be mild or absent, it is possible to carry the virus without knowing, which makes awareness and testing especially important.

Whether you are experiencing symptoms or simply want clarity, understanding how genital herpes works helps you make informed decisions. With discreet home testing from Homed IQ, checking your status is simple, private, and convenient so you can take control of your sexual health with confidence.

Table of Contents

• What is genital herpes?

• How can you recognise the symptoms of herpes genitalis?

• How is genital herpes transmitted?

• Testing for genital herpes at home: what are your options?

• Treatment and living with herpes genitalis

• Frequently asked questions about genital herpes

What is genital herpes?

Genital herpes (also called herpes genitalis) is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types: HSV-1 and HSV-2.

• HSV-1 mainly spreads through oral contact, causing cold sores, but can also lead to genital herpes. Most adults carry this virus.

• HSV-2 is primarily spread through sexual contact and is the main cause of genital herpes.

The virus stays in the body for life, often lying dormant between outbreaks. Genital herpes is very common worldwide, and many people who carry the virus don’t even know they have it. That’s why recognising symptoms, and understanding when to test, is so important.

Source: Mayo Clinic, 2022; World Health Organization, 2025

How can you recognise the symptoms of herpes genitalis?

Symptoms of genital herpes can vary widely from person to person. Some people experience noticeable outbreaks, while others have very mild symptoms or none at all.

Typical symptoms include:

• Pain or itching around the genitals

• Small bumps or blisters (genitals, anus, or mouth)

• Painful ulcers after blisters burst (may ooze or bleed)

• Scabs during healing

• Painful urination

• Discharge from the urethra

• Vaginal discharge

• Flu-like symptoms during the first outbreak: fever, headache, body aches, swollen lymph nodes in the groin

Sores develop where the virus enters the body and can spread by touch to other areas, such as the fingers or eyes. Common locations include the buttocks, thighs, rectum, anus, mouth, urethra, and genitals.

• Men: usually on the penis or scrotum.

• Women: on the vulva, vagina, or cervix.

Initial vs. recurrent outbreaks:

• The first outbreak is usually the most severe and long-lasting.

• Recurrent outbreaks vary, are often more frequent in the first year, and become less common over time. They are usually milder and shorter.

Because symptoms can be subtle, genital herpes is often mistaken for other skin conditions. If in doubt, testing is the most reliable way to know.

Source: Mayo Clinic, 2022

How is genital herpes transmitted?

Common transmission routes of genital herpes include:

• Vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected partner

• Contact with a herpes sore

• Contact with saliva or genital fluids of an infected partner

• Skin-to-skin contact with the oral or genital area of an infected partner

Important misconceptions:

• You can get herpes even if no sores are visible or if a partner is unaware they are infected

• You cannot get herpes from toilet seats, bedding, swimming pools, or objects like towels or cutlery

How to reduce your risk:

• Abstain from vaginal, anal, or oral sex 

• Be in a mutually monogamous relationship with a partner without herpes

• Use condoms correctly every time (note: they don’t fully protect against herpes)

• Avoid sex during a partner’s outbreak

• If your partner has herpes, daily antiviral medication can reduce risk

• Communicate openly about STI status

• Consider regular testing, especially with new or multiple partners

Source: Mayo Clinic, 2022; Healthdirect Australia, 2023; CDC, 2024

Testing for genital herpes at home: what are your options?

Home testing for genital herpes is an increasingly popular option for those who value privacy and convenience. The process is simple: you order a test online, for example through Homed IQ, collect a sample at home, and send it to a certified laboratory. Your results are then delivered securely online. This approach is discreet, removes the need for a doctor’s appointment, and saves time, making it a convenient choice for managing your sexual health.

When should you consider testing?

• If you have symptoms that may be related to herpes

• If a partner has (or has had) genital herpes

• If a healthcare provider notices possible signs and needs confirmation

Source: CDC, 2024

Treatment and living with herpes genitalis

While there is currently no cure for genital herpes, it can be effectively managed.

Treatment options:

• Antiviral medication to reduce symptoms, control outbreaks, and lower transmission risk (most effective when started early)

• Symptom relief, such as warm salt baths, medications like paracetamol or ibuprofen, local anaesthetic creams to ease discomfort, and urinating in a warm bath if painful

Living with herpes:

• The number of outbreaks may decrease over time

• Take steps to reduce your risk of transmitting the virus (see above)

• Psychological support (e.g. counselling) can help

• Open communication with partners is key to maintaining trust and reducing transmission risk

• Seek guidance from your healthcare provider

Many people with genital herpes lead completely normal, healthy lives with proper management and awareness.

Source: Healthdirect Australia, 2023; CDC, 2024

Frequently asked questions about genital herpes

Is genital herpes always contagious?

Genital herpes is most contagious from the first tingling or itching of an outbreak until sores have fully healed. The risk of transmission is also higher during the first months after infection (especially the first 6 months). However, the virus can still be transmitted even years later and in the absence of visible symptoms (NHS, 2023). 

Can you get rid of herpes genitalis permanently?

Genital herpes cannot currently be cured. Once infected, the virus remains in the body for life. However, it can be effectively managed with antiviral medication and lifestyle adjustments.

For most people, this means:

• Outbreaks may become fewer and milder over time

• You may have long periods without symptoms

• The ability to maintain normal relationships and sexual health

Understanding the condition, and taking responsible steps like testing and communication, makes a significant difference in long-term wellbeing.

Source: Healthdirect Australia, 2023; CDC, 2024