Cholesterol is produced in the liver and is found in every cell of the body. There are two types of cholesterol: one in the form of HDL (high-density cholesterol) and LDL (low-density cholesterol). HDL is also referred to as the ‘good’ cholesterol and LDL is known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol. An elevated cholesterol level is defined as total cholesterol above 6.5 mmol / l.

The term HbA1c stands for ‘hemoglobin A1c’, or glycated hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells, giving them their color. Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Glucose (sugar) in the blood can also attach to hemoglobin, known as glycated hemoglobin. This means that the more glucose there is in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin there is. Because red blood cells (and therefore also hemoglobin in the red blood cells) live for a maximum of 120 days, an HbA1c value provides insight into the average blood glucose level over the past 10 to 12 weeks. The higher the glucose level has been during the period of time before the test, the higher the HbA1c value will be.

HDL stands for High-Density Lipoprotein, which is a type of lipoprotein found in the blood. It is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove other types of cholesterol from the bloodstream. This helps to prevent the buildup of excess cholesterol in the arteries, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) and cardiovascular diseases. Having higher levels of HDL in the blood is generally considered beneficial for heart health, as it helps to counteract the negative effects of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad cholesterol." Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and not smoking can help increase HDL levels.

LDL stands for Low-Density Lipoprotein and is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because elevated levels of LDL can lead to the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries. When there is excess LDL in the bloodstream, it can deposit cholesterol on the arterial walls, forming plaques. Over time, this can narrow and block the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. High LDL levels are often associated with an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and other factors related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Lowering LDL cholesterol through lifestyle changes, medications, or a combination of both can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve overall heart health.

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. They are the most common form of fat in the human body and serve as a source of energy for various bodily functions. When you eat, your body converts the calories it doesn't need into triglycerides, which are then stored in fat cells. Between meals, hormones release triglycerides for energy, ensuring a continuous supply of fuel for various metabolic processes. While triglycerides are essential for normal body function, elevated levels can pose health risks. Elevated triglycerides, along with high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle changes, including adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management, can help maintain triglyceride levels within a healthy range and reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily processes. It is essential for the production of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and proper functioning of the nervous system. The human body cannot produce vitamin B12 on its own, so it must be obtained from dietary sources or supplements. Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. People who do not eat animal products may be at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, as plant-based foods generally do not contain sufficient amounts of this vitamin. A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, neurological problems, and other health issues. Common symptoms of B12 deficiency include weakness, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, memory problems, and difficulty with balance.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that plays a role in calcium and phosphate absorption in the body. Most vitamin D is produced by the human body itself. This happens when your skin is exposed to UV rays from the sun. Vitamin D can also be found in a number of foods of animal origin, such as egg yolks, fatty fish, and dairy products. Vitamin D can also be found in mushrooms and fortified foods. Vitamin D plays an important role in your body. It ensures the growth and maintenance of strong bones and teeth, ensures the functioning and recovery of your muscles, and promotes proper functioning of your immune system.